» Technical » Commercially Pure Titanium | Unalloyed Titanium

Commercially Pure Titanium | Unalloyed Titanium

July 26, 2021

Classification & Characteristics

Commercially pure titanium is unalloyed titanium with small traces of impurities such as carbon, hydrogen, iron, nitrogen, and oxygen. It is classified into four ASTM grades: Grade 1, Grade 2, Grade 3 and Grade 4, which have varying amounts of impurities. The CP titanium generally has more than 1000 ppm oxygen and iron, nitrogen, carbon, and silicon as principal impurities. Because small amounts of interstitial impurities greatly affect the mechanical properties of pure titanium, it is not convenient to distinguish the various grades of unalloyed titanium on the basis of chemical analysis. Titanium mill products are more readily distinguished by mechanical properties.

Ti Gr.3 bars

Commercially pure titanium round bars made of ASTM B348 Grade 3.

For ASTM Grade 1, 2, 3, 4 in sequence, as the impurity content goes up, the corrosion resistance, room-temperature ductility and formability are reduced but the strength goes higher. In general, commercially pure (CP) titanium is useful in applications requiring high ductility for fabrication as well as high corrosion resistance and good weldability but relatively low strength in service.

Crystal Structure & Transus Temperatures

Commercially pure titanium has several crystal structures, each of which is only stable within particular temperature ranges. The complete transformation from one into another crystal structure is called allotropic transformation; the respective transformation temperature is called the transus temperature. Pure titanium crystallizes at low temperatures in a modified ideally hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure, called α titanium. At high temperatures, however, the body-centered cubic (bcc) structure is stable and is referred to as β titanium. The atomic unit cells of the hexagonal close packed (hcp) α titanium and the body-centered cubic (bcc) β titanium are schematically shown in the figure below with their most densely packed planes and directions highlighted.

Unit cells of α & β structure

The unit cells of α (hcp) & β (bcc) phase for pure titanium.

The transformation temperature from one phase to another can be raised or lowered depending on the type and amount of impurities. The presence of impurities in CP titanium divides the single temperature for equilibrium transformation into two temperatures: the α transus temperature, below which the alloy is all-alpha; and beta transus temperature, above which the alloy is all-beta. Between these temperatures, both alpha and beta are present.

ASTM
Designation
α Transus
°C [°F]
β Transus
°C [°F]
Grade 1880 [1620]888 [1630]
Grade 2890 [1635]913 [1675]
Grade 3900 [1650]920 [1685]
Grade 4905 [1660]950 [1740]
* The typical alpha and beta transus temperatures for ASTM Grade 1, 2, 3, 4 of commercially pure titanium, respectively.

Standards & Product Forms

Ti Gr.2 sheets

ASTM B265 titanium Grade 2 sheets, 2.5m x 1.5m x 5mm, delivered to Illinois, the US.

StandardProduct Form
ASTM B265plate, sheet, strip
ASTM B348bar, billet
ASTM B367casting
ASTM B381forging
ASTM F467bolt, stud, screw
ASTM F468nut
ASTM B363BW fitting
ASTM B861seamless pipe
ASTM B862welded pipe
ASTM B338smls & wld tube
*ASTM standards and products forms for commercially pure titanium.

Chemical Composition Requirements

ElementASTM Grade 1
wt. %
ASTM Grade 2
wt. %
C≤0.10≤0.10
H≤0.015≤0.015
O≤0.18≤0.25
N≤0.03≤0.03
Fe≤0.20≤0.30
Tibalancebalance
*Chemical requirements for ASTM CP titanium Grade 1 (UNS R50250) and Grade 2 (UNS R50400).

Titanium Gr.2 ball valve

A floating-style ball valve made from CP titanium Grade 2, DN100 PN16 BS 5351.

ElementASTM Grade 3
wt. %
ASTM Grade 4
wt. %
C≤0.10≤0.10
H≤0.015≤0.015
O≤0.35≤0.40
N≤0.05≤0.05
Fe≤0.30≤0.50
O.T.≤0.400.40
Tibalancebalance
*Chemical requirements for ASTM CP titanium Grade 3 (UNS R50550) and ASTM titanium Grade 4 (UNS R50700).

Mechanical Properties

ASTM
Designation
Tensile Strength
min. MPa [ksi]
Yield Strength
MPa [ksi]
Elongation
min. %
Grade 1240 [35]170-310 [25-45]24
Grade 2345 [50]275-450 [40-65]20
Grade 3440 [64]380-550 [55-80]18
Grade 4550 [80]480-655 [70-95]18
*Tensile requirements for CP titanium ASTM Grade 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively.

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